Women and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ladies and Terrorism - Essay Example Once so characterized, those influenced may become universal outcasts. Henceforth the idea of their development; its goals, belief system, and authentic explanation behind being will be excused wild. The second stage in the twentieth century change of psychological warfare was the development of state sponsorship. Truly, the portrayal of ladies increments during the second flood of psychological warfare, despite the fact that it is rarely exceptionally high. Additionally, the extent of supporters comparative with regulars and pioneers develops in the subsequent wave. However when analysts take a gander at their places of birth and grown-up habitation, the case for the dispersion of neo-Fascist fear mongering by development debilitates (Mason 37). Estimated both as far as where they were conceived and dwelled the early neo-Fascists were a more topographically scattered assortment of individuals than the later ones. Undoubtedly, fairly shockingly the late radicals didn't show a measurably huge increment in female portrayal as against the early unforeseen (Mason 38). There is a move, be that as it may, in the sorts of ladies who show up during the subsequent period. The information recommend an expansion in the extent of wedded ladies who took part in the left-wing gatherings. The most renowned [women terrorist] is Ulrike... Besides, second era ladies were bound to assume influential positions in these gatherings than were ladies who joined the previous developments. Palestinian ladies psychological oppressor administration has been adequately fruitful that it might have given probably some inspiration to the September 11 assaults. States which can't stand up to their foes traditionally have given each possible help to fear based oppressor bunches so as to debilitate their adversaries genuinely or ethically. In spite of the fact that the first demonstrations of Palestinian dread have brought some global judgment upon the culprits, Israeli reactions have come about in far and away more terrible judgment for Israel (Bassam 83). Formal U.N. censures debilitate Israel's ethical position, which influences its relations with the U.S. Government. Amusingly, the assaults have not debilitated the Israelis genuinely; on the off chance that anything, the assaults have moved the Israelis higher than ever of capability in killing the danger. A critical factor in the ascent to noticeable quality of the ladies investment has been the development of methods of savage conduct after some time. On the off chance that brutality is seen as a progressing segment in human connections, instead of as an ethical thought, obviously the periods of traditional fighting and, thus, atomic fighting, have been individually composed, systematized, and generally prevented (with no assurance over future breakdowns) (Neuberger and Valentini 24). As people have formulated capacities to manage these types of viciousness, it isn't astonishing that backers of brutality have gone to unpredictable types of fighting first guerrilla fighting (freedom developments), and in the long run to

How Crime and Deviance Can Be Seen As Functional for Society Essay

Wrongdoing and abnormality are acts that will inspire contradict from society. They take different structures and include different ideas and hypotheses. It will be the point of this paper to investigate those that are considered to be useful for society. It was Emile Durkheim who first unmistakably settled the rationale behind the utilitarian way to deal with the investigation of wrongdoing and deviance[1] when he composed The Rules of Sociological Method and The Division of Labour[2]. In those works, Durkheim contended that wrongdoing and aberrance is â€Å"an essential piece of all solid societies†. He contemplated that wrongdoing and aberrance are inescapable, yet in addition practical for society and that they might be viewed as useless when they reach unusually high or low levels. His hypothesis of functionalism established from his surprise with how society had the option to keep itself flawless in the midst of the social, political and financial change incited by the Industrial Revolution. He found that the social paste holding everything set up was: esteem accord, social solidarity and aggregate still, small voice; and that wrongdoing and abnormality had a job in this condition. â€Å"Deviance† is a wide-extending term utilized by sociologists alluding to conduct that is off-digression from social normalities[3], and that â€Å"crime† is a variation of abnormality, just that it â€Å"comprises exercises or then again activities which are considered so harming to the interests of the community† (Pease, 1994) that some type of recognizable proof and activity must be done against the culprit. It follows that all wrongdoing are, by definition, freak conduct, yet not all types of aberrance are criminal[4]. In the pre-modern days, social orders were sm... ... Distributers Ltd., Chapter 6, pp. 330 †403 8. Kai T. Erickson (nd) Notes on the Sociology of Deviance, in Howard S. Becker (ed) (1967) The Other Side, Perspectives on Abnormality, Glencoe, The Free Press 9. Robert A. Nisbet (1975) The Sociology of Emile Durkheim, London, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., Chapter 7, pp. 209 †237 Notes: [1] (Criminology, nd) [2] (Robert A. Nisbet, 1975) [3] (Chris Livesey,nd) [4] Ibid [5] Ibid [6] (Anthony Giddens, 2001) [7] (Durkheim, nd) [8] (Chris Livesey,nd) [9] (Haralambos and Holborn, 2004) [10] Ibid [11] (Emile Durkheim, nd) [12] (Criminology, nd) [13] (Robert A. Nisbet, 1975) [14] (Kai T. Erikson, nd) [15] (Chris Livesey,nd) [16] Ibid [17] (Chris Livesey,nd) [18] Ibid

Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company Essay Example

Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company Paper Evaluating Funds Requirements Short-Term Sources of Funds Subject:O. M. Scott Sons Company Problem:Should the O. M. Scott organization keep with its Trust Receipt Plan so as to keep up 25% development rate. Choices: 1. Offer receivables to an outsider at a rebate rate to get money. 2. Issue favored value to help money retailers in holding higher Inventory levels 3. Decrease development rate to a maintainable Suggestion: In request to keep up the 25% development, we have to as a matter of first importance, desert the trust receipt plan which causes deals development rate to drop since the time execution. we have to embrace elective 1 (selling receivables) so as to diminish the money cycle and let loose some money to meet our momentary liabilities. Our outside store required surpasses the most extreme permitted credit extension of 12. 5 million as per the performa for March 1962, which implies that we need to likewise consolidate elective 2 which is to give value to cover for additional reserve outside of the breaking point. Investigation: O. M. Scott Sons (Scott) is a grass care organization that has its tasks focused in Ohio. The organization has effective built up a client base and has an uplifting standpoint for future tasks. Their objective for future years is to keep up a development of 25% for deals and pay, nonetheless, we accept this isn't conceivable in light of the fact that receivables are not being gathered at a rate that underpins the development in deals. This is the principle wellspring of the issue for the organization isn't getting paid for its stock until they have been sold by the sellers. We will compose a custom article test on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer This spots noteworthy monetary strain on the organization, as it is answerable for getting the accounts important so as to keep up the stock levels at every one of its 10,000 vendors. Beginning with an investigation of the stock time frame, we see a poor pattern. Coherently, the stock time frame has likewise gone from awful to most exceedingly awful. Additionally disturbing are the company’s money due turnover proportions, diminishing by 72% and its records receivable period going up by 253% from 1957 to 1961. Is most intriguing that these numbers were genuinely steady preceding 1960, the year the O. M. Scott Sons Co. begun executing its Trust Receipt Plan. Driving further, the ROA mirrors a poor corporate capacity to extricate an incentive from its advantages, as the numbers are getting most exceedingly awful from year to year. The working cycle was 106. 7 days in 1957, developing by 126% to 241. 3 days by 1961, exhibiting poor administration effectiveness. The money cycle was reached out by 100 days during a similar period, which isn't the bearing where you need income to go. The money cycle should be shorter so as to permit money to stream into the organization sooner, facilitating the monetary strain on the organization. As to, the company’s overall gain over deals proportion was in an upward pattern from ‘57 till ‘59 however dropped when Scott actualized the Trust Receipt Plan. Higher working costs just as intrigue costs have had a non unimportant effect on main concern results. The ROE in 1961 is of 13. 53%, down from 19. 98% in 1959, exhibiting that the shareholder’s return is alarmingly going down. To delve further into the ongoing ROE results, we did a Dupont examination and had the option to relate the drop consequently to the more drawn out receivables assortment and higher stock levels. Thus, higher stock levels earned up all out resources and dropped the ROA. A free income model was developed to additionally demonstrate our point that the Trust Receipt Plan isn't effectively guaranteeing receivables from Scott’s sellers. By taking a gander at the numbers in 1959 and 1960, we see that free income in the organization diminished by 72% after the usage of the Trust Receipt Plan. This further demonstrates our thought that the Trust Receipt Plan isn't fruitful in carrying money into the organization. In spite of these negative results from the trust receipt plan, deals have been improving since the time the usage. This is because of the way that the trust receipt plan expects trustees to convey enough stock to coordinate regular pinnacle requests just as the full exhibit of Scott and Son’s items. Be that as it may, this development in deals have been dropping since the time the execution. The market for Scott and Son’s items is assessed to be $100 million yet deals in 1961 came to on $43 million. So the drop in deals development can't be clarified by an immersed advertise. It must be ascribed to the trust receipt plan. In view of our examination, we accept that so as to stay aware of the anticipated 25% development in deals the O. M. Scott Co. needs to desert its Trust Receipt Plan. There hardly any things that we saw that can improved with some change to the present arrangement, beneath is an investigation of the options we proposed. Elective 1 An option for Scott is to offer its receivables to an outsider, for example, a bank. In the wake of executing the Trust Receipt Plan in 1960, accounts receivables almost significantly increased, expanding from $5,788,400 to $15,749,700. Because of this expansion, Scott should enlist extra work to guarantee the assortment of their receivables. From, we can obviously observe that the Trust Receipt Plan altogether hindered the assortment procedure for Scott. Scott can gather 75% of its receivables in the month it is expected, along these lines it just needs to sell the remainder of the 25% to acquire money that is proportionate to 100% of its records receivables. All things considered, the bank will just purchase the receivables from Scott at a limited rate, from web explore, we found this is typically a 20% rebate. This implies Scott will get 20% rather than the full 25% of the receivables that they sell. In any case, when contemplating the time estimation of cash, as ell as the 3% of receivables that Scott can't gather, getting 95% of the receivables by offering it to the bank is by all accounts the better alternative. Likewise, by selling their receivables, Scott will no longer need to actualize techniques, for example, recruiting more staff to gather late receivables. By selling its receivables, Scott will quickly abbrev iate its money cycle, as records receivable period may be 30 days. This brings the money cycle to 23. 1 days, and the working cycle to 89. 4 days. Elective 2 A subsequent option is to give favored value in the open market. Favored value would be best since we expect that the market isn't consummately productive and doesn't follow the unimportance of financing build as per Modigliani and Miller. Since value costs are going down, existing investor's advantage more from giving value, for example, favored offers. Raising value would help fund the sellers in holding more significant levels of stock, which was the underlying issue being focused by the Trust Receipt Plan. The raised measure of value could likewise be utilized to pay off the high obligation level and furthermore lessening the high intrigue installments. This strategy would ease the heat off the reimbursement timetable forced by bank obligation. Reimbursement to investors should be possible on a more extended timetable and profit installments are likewise discretionary, contrasted with premium installments that are definitely not. The issue with this option is that investor's won't have any desire to additionally weaken their benefits while not having profit payouts as duty deductible things. Another motivation to raise value is that our figurings of outer reserve requirements for March 1962 is determined to be $16. 4 million, $3. 8 million more than the most extreme permitted credit extension of $12. 5 million. Elective 3 Subsequent to directing a proforma conjecture for the following four quarters, from Dec. 1961 to Sept. 1962, developing at a 25% rate for Sales and Net Income, we saw that Scott and Sons’ transient store required isn't plausible, $12 million can't cover $16. 4 million that is required, and that Subordinated obligation likewise surpasses that of the permitted most extreme cutoff, 12million surpasses $11. 135 million that was determined (Appendix: Equity Working Capital). Hence Scott and Sons’ won't have the option to cover the EFN required in March when deals top, subsequently, we should lessen the interest of EFN through decrease of the focused on development pace of 25%. Through examining Scott’s Balance Sheet, we played out a Dupont examination, it gave us that a more terrible circumstance as the trust plan and money related objective of 25% have been executed. For instance, resources turnovers have been lessening from 1. 2840 top 1. 2071 and resources turnover period extended from 284 to multi day (Appendix: Ratios). As Scott and Sons’ business process have been compounding of late, we emphatically propose the firm to quit developing at a fantastical pace of 25%. In any case, the deals and total compensation were in fact developing, yet at a peripheral lessening design. The two deals development and pay development gave us that the firm has been experience lower development rate in Net Income and Sales in contrast with the earlier period (Appendix: Growth in Accounts). Subsequently, ROA, ROE and turnover proportions additionally mirrored that net revenue and turnover periods are deteriorating in relative terms( Appendix: Dupont Analysis Ratios). As the pinnacle season drawing nearer, despite the fact that pay and deals are developing, we despite everything accept that the low gainfulness surely should be improved by bringing working costs and down to make a savvy procedure in transportation techniques EOQ. In synopsis, with the infringement of bank’s agreement and the absence of outer reserve, Scott should develop at practical 18. 27% (Appendix: Sustainabl

Apple Company Case Study Identify A Strategic Issue - 275 Words

Apple Company Case Study: Identify A Strategic Issue (Case Study Sample) Content: Apply Case StudyStudents NameInstitutionApply Case StudyThe tech industry is constantly evolving as a result of the ever changing technology. Besides, the market is characterized by rigorous competitors who are constantly trying to gather the largest portion of the market share. Therefore, any company in such a market should constantly search for ways to improve itself lest it risks being surpassed by other players in the market (Rothaermel, 2015). This essay seeks to identify a strategic issue in the Apple Company and develop a strategy on how to handle it.The major strategic issue the Apple is currently facing is the ability to sustain its current profitability using its existing products. Recently Tim Cook, the companys CEO, introduced new products: Apple Watch and Apple Pay. The issue is whether these products would achieve the success that the previously unveiled products attained. Consequently, the essay will develop a strategy on possible steps the CEO would ta ke to ensure that the goods have achieved the desired corporate result.Firstly, there is a need for the company to implement a strategic advertising campaign for the product (Rothaermel, 2015). Since there are millions of people using their products, Tim Cook could use the companys online platforms such as the Apply play and Itunes to promote the products. Besides, the use of mass media platforms such as television adverts and billboards could be a major source of publicity for the new Products that Apple is offering. Also, another major way that Apple could attract more customers could be through the use of personal selling. This would involve using sales people in their retail outlets to advise customers on the advantages of using Apple Pay and the Apple Watch.Besides, one of the biggest challenges that Apple faces in introducing the products into the market is the efforts of their competitors to outdo them. Their biggest rivals...

Consumer behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 29 Words: 8680 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Gender Differences in Consumer Buying Behaviour towards Casual Shoes Abstract You could tell an awful lot about a person by the kind of shoes they wear. A phrase that our hearings often do come across there is always being a tendency towards buying the perfect, fashioned, unique and excellent sate of personality demonstrating pair of shoes among people mostly youngsters. The relation between dressing up and the idea of individual expression is complex. As a common approach to establish understanding of consumer attitude and buying preferences based on gender regarding casual shoes this research has been conducted after studying different kinds of consumer behavior models, literature and theories of consumer behavior This research will focuses on attitudes and behavior on the concept of gender differences in buying behavior of casual shoes also the decision making process differs from consumer to consumer based on demographic and psychographic factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Consumer behavior" essay for you Create order As a convenient and accessible segment, university students have sampled to investigate the research objectives. For the purpose of investigating the research objectives, a combination of exploratory and descriptive research was used. A survey methodology using a self-administered questionnaire was justified to collect data, which sampled two groups (male=125 and Female=125) a total of 250 students at three different universities 1) Institute of Management Sciences 2) Qurtaba University 3) Cecos University of Science and Technology, clustered around Hayatabad Peshawar. Survey data was then analyzed and tested using specific hypotheses and measurements. Also this research will prove to be beneficial for firms and stores to identify the differences and expectations from their shoe brands and also to leverage their promotion campaigns to satisfy what is expected from consumers. Chapter 1. Introduction and Background of the study Introduction and Importance of Study Consumer behavior has a diversity of different study perceptions and functions as an interdisciplinary science. In this context, the understanding of consumer behaviour could appeals to a set of different areas of knowledge, such as psychological, cultural social psychological, physio-pyschological, genetics anthropology. The main objective of this research is to study the consumer buying preferences with respect to gender differences in consumer buying behaviour of university Students in Peshawar when they go shopping to buy a pair shoe. To attain this objective a survey was developed and administered across Peshawar. This research with the presentation of the relevant literature in the area of buying behavior and then the research hypothesis is described. After that the methodology followed to develop the study is presented with a special reference to the sample method, data collection and statistics. Next, the results are presented and discussed and finally the conclusions are dra wn. Background Research and studies regarding consumer attitude and behaviour are a common approach in post-war marketing contexts in order to establish or acquire insight knowledge to guide marketing activities regarding the consumption behaviours of particular groups of individuals (Nicosia, 1966; Howard and Sheth, 1969; Bettman, 1979; Engel, Blackwell and Miniard. 1986; Schiffman and Kanuk, 1991). Kotler, Armstrong, Saunders and Wong (2002) stress that understanding consumer buying behaviour is central to marketing management; moreover, marketing management must begin with insightful understanding of consumers. Consumer has been elated with the kind of reception; they are getting from various companies these days. The reason behind a drastic change in consumer behavior is because the consumer is no more treated as a hire purchaser but, he is treated as the decider of the companys fortune. Companies or marketers cannot hire any fortuneteller to guess the consumers attitude. Guessing or measuring the consumers attitude is not a cake walk but this is because predicting consumers attitude is as tough as predicting consumers mind (Bheri, 2004). Consumers are continuously choosing among the various products though they are not aware of the products and usage, even though they are intentionally purchasing the various new brands without any knowledge about the new products, furthermore if new company enters into the market, for every consumer it is very difficult to understand the features of the news products and this makes confusion among the consumers to obtain the information. For example: If one local company enters into the market then to gain the knowledge about the features of the new product, it will take long time for the consumers to understand (Nelson, 1970). The term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction and his often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context, the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, they encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Hawkins, Best and Coney 1998). The consumer will respond according to the product quality and reliability, the fundamental understanding of products is necessary to understand the product features, products reliability and product benefits (Baker, 2004). The consumer is the end user for the product; consumers buy the products in market; in order to perform successful sales operations in the market an effective distribution channel and networks are required for the organizations. Distribution channels and networks play an important role in the consumer goods industry. Consumer is the ultimate user of every product, without any consumer there is no market as such (Baker, 2004). Every region wise the different consumers are using different kind of products. Every consumer has their own tastes and preferences. So, every consumers opinions and preferences are different from one another. The local marketers have good idea about, what the local consumers are using (region wise). For example: The south Indian food habits and tastes and preferences are different, when compared to north Indian food habits (Thomas, 2004). Based on above paragraph, direct marketing activities have big impact on every consumer, because through direct marketing every company knows about the behavior of every consumer in the market. Manufacturing companies, retailer and suppliers do not have an idea about the consumer behavior in the local market. So, author suggested that direct marketing activities should be left to the local market leaders, because the local market leaders have best idea of local market and local consumer behavior. This theory helps for the organization and sub-organizations to know the consumer behavior in different market environments, taste and preferences of the consumer behavior (Thomas, 2004). McDonalds would not have made a big impact in the Indian market had it persisted with its U.S. product line that included beef products, moreover, McDonalds repositioned the brand as family-oriented and children-friendly, catering the traditional Indian middle-class segment that finds pride in its family culture and is especially conscious of childcare. So in this point of view Mc Donalds have approached differently, because they identified that, which they followed earlier that will not get good impact on their business so, they immediately changed the business line to achieve the targets, thus, this is one kind of business strategy to achieve the set goals in huge populated countries (Dash, 2005). For perspective of globalization we can not change the system of tastes and preferences of Consumers. Another instance demonstrating the ignorance of local tastes in the wake of globalization features the multinational Casual shoes makers, Nokia had tasted success with its soap-bar designed phones and ceased producing the flip phones that consumers found irritating to use (Zaccai, 2005). The Chinese business people are giving importance to Chinese traditional, patriotic values; the business people are running their businesses by showing their traditional, patriotic advertisement and promotional campaigns to get the business from the Chinese people. The Chinese consumers perspective, by assessing their preferences amongst a host of advertisements and promotional campaigns, later on the business people are started the global Advertisement campaigns with status and social appeal, they sought immense pride in clinging to the traditional, cultural and patriotic values through the local campaigns, with this theory helps by knowing the Chinese consumer behavior and also they are giving same importance to traditional and patriotic values in the name of advertisements. Finally, they want the advertisements with traditional and patriotic values of Chinese culture (Zhou and Belk, 2004). The consumers mind is different from one another in this as author said in the definition that according to the human psychology, demographical differences, age sex and to understand people needs. (Kotler, 2004), to assess the influences of every consumer approach is different, in theory explained that consumer is treated as decider of the company, what ever the product comes to the market, the consumer is the ultimate purchaser for every product, some times the consumers are choosing, selecting and going for family decision making to choose differently, in one point of time the consumers differentiated and explained that they are going for personal and some of the them are using products for profit. Demographical differences make new food habits for every consumer the choice of variation for every consumer (Kotler, 2004). The example of above paragraph, two countries, therefore Chinese consumers are giving respect to traditional and patriotic values, where as Indian consumers are more religious when they are using the products. These are influences that make the consumer to purchase different products; mostly those influences are more related to the physiological, demographical, social, cultural, economic, family and business influences. According to Kotler (1994), consumer behavior is the study of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It is a subcategory of marketing that blends elements from psychology, sociology, socio psychology, anthropology and economics. It attempts to understand the buyer decision making process, both individually and in groups. It studies characteristics of individual consumers such as demographics, psychographics, and behavioral variables in an attempt to understand people needs. It also tries to assess influences on the consumer from group such as family friends, reference groups, and society in general (Kotler, 1994) for example while consumers purchase the shoe, then they go for family decision, comfort, satisfaction, price and quality. Every family member doesnt have the same opinion to buy the same product; different family members have different choice to buy the product. So, in one family consumer behavior is different (Kotler, 1994). Chapter 2. Purpose of the Study and Hypothesis formulation The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a better knowledge of consumer buying behavior towards purchasing the casual shoes. The main objective of this research is to study the gender differences in consumer buying behavior of University students when they go shopping to buy casual shoe brands. According to the literature and aimed at answering the research questions of this study (Which are the main differences in According to the literature and aimed at answering the research questions of this study (Which are the main differences in casual shoes consumer behavior between women and men?) the subsequent hypothesis (H1) is formulated: There are differences in consumer behavior according to the Gender?. After testing this supposition, it follows a more detailed analysis of the main behavior differences between men and women according to: (i) what (what one buys, what one values the most in shoes); (ii) how Consumer behavior between women and men?) The subsequent hypothesis (H1) is formulated: There are differences in consumer behavior according to the Gender based on Price, Quality, Branding, Comfort, style and Trend. Analysis model, variables and store identification and interdependency For the purpose of gathering the important variables to this study a pilot test (see appendix) was prepared and floated before survey among the students and general consumers out side shoe stores in Peshawar. There were a number of attributes ranked five of the attributes were selected through highest frequency ranking. The pilot testing also helped in store identifications for the interest of this study. According to Pilot testing I selected variables 1) Price 2) Quality 3) Style 4) Comfort 5) Trend From the Stores I had to select 1) Bata 2) Service 3) I-Shoes based from the Pilot test. Secondary Objectives The assessment of Store comparison of 1) Bata 2) Service 3) I-Shoes To see for at what degree communication mediums Influences university students towards promoting their brands. To study and identify the Demographic characteristics Will university students be an effective segment shoe brand marketers Research Question The purpose of the study could be expressed by the following research question. Q: Is there any Difference in buying preferences of Casual shoes because of Gender based on Price, Quality, Branding, Comfort, style and Trend? Chapter 3. Literature review The Definition: Consumer-buying behavior according to Kotler (2004, p.601) is defined as The buying behavior consumers individuals and house holds who buy goods and services for personal consumption. the term consumer can be described as a person who acquires goods and services for self satisfaction is often used to describe two different kinds of consuming entities: the personal consumers and the organizational consumers. The personal consumers buy goods and services for his/her own use. In this context the goods are bought for final use by individual, who are organizational consumers, encompasses for profit and not for profit business, government agencies, institutions, all of them must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organization (Kotler, 2004). Peter and Olson, (1993) mention that interactions between the peoples emotions, moods, affection and specific feelings is called consumer behavior, in other words in environmental events which they exchange ideas and benefits each is called consumer behavior . Buying behavior of people, who purchase products for personal use and not for business purposes (Peter and Olson, 1993). Fishbeins (1967) attitudinal model has also been widely used in the marketing context (Lilien et al., 1992), and this paradigm provides researchers with a useful lens for examining the factors explaining consumer purchasing intention and adoption. According to this model, behaviour is predominantly determined by intention. Other factors like attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control also are shown to be related to an appropriate set of salient behavioural, normative, and control beliefs about the behaviour. However, Fishbeins model stops at the adoption level and does not capture other important factors that explain and predict consumer continuance behaviour (repurchase). The expectation-confirmation model (Oliver, 1980), on the other hand, focuses on the post-purchase behaviour. It is a widely used model in the consumer behaviour literature, particularly in explaining consumer satisfaction and repeat purchase. Satisfaction is the central notion of this model, wh ich is formed by the gap between expectation and perceived performance. The expectation-confirmation theory suggests that if the perceived performance meets ones expectation, confirmation is formed, and consumers are satisfied. Bhattacherjee (2001) stated that satisfied users are more likely to continue purchasing the same products. The Physical actions of consumers that can directly observe and measured by others, by influencing behavior profit can be earned (kotler, Armstrong and Cunningham, 1989). The study of consumer behavior has evolved in early emphasis on rational choice (microeconomics and classical decision theory) to focus on apparently irrational buying needs (some motivation research) and the use of logical flow models of bounded rationality (Howard and Sheth 1989). The latter approach has depended into what is often called the information processing model (Bettman 1979). The information processing model regards the consumer as a logical thinker who solves problem to make purchasing decision (Holbrook and Hirschman 1980). Compares the four major approaches to create successful inter-organizational relationships and integrates them into a single prescription for managing important inter -firm relationships (Palmatier, Dant and Grewal, 2007). Service fails, in satisfying the customers and developing customer loyalty over time in business to business markets. Cyert (1956) may have been the first to observe that a number of managers in addition to the purchasing agents are involved in buying process, and the concept was labeled buying behavior and popularized by Robinson (Faris and Win 1967). Webster and Wind (1972) famously identified five buying roles, they are: 1. users 2. Influencer 3.buyer 4. decider and 5 Gatekeeper (Webster and wind, 1972). Further categories have been suggested as the initiator (Bonoma, 1981), and the analyst and spectator by Wilson (Wilson, 1998). The product purchase decision is not always done by the user. The buyer necessarily purchases the product. Marketers must decide at whom to direct their promotional efforts, the buyer or the user. They must identify the person who is most likely to influence the decision. If the marketers understand consumer behavior, they are able to predict how consumers are likely to react to various informational and environmental cues, and are able to shape their marketing strategies accordingly (kotler, 1994). The consumer behavior influences are follows: The consumer behavior influences in 3 aspects, they are acquiring, using and disposing. The acquiring means that how the consumer spends money on the products, such as leasing, trading and borrowing. Using means some of the consumers use the high price products and some of the consumer sees the quality. Disposing is nothing but distribution, order or places a particular product (Hoyer, Deborah, 2001). By understanding consumer behavior deeply, different authors have given different information about the consumer behavior, how consumer buys the products, it involves four steps they are: need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase behavior, the marketer can pick up many clues as and how to meet the buyer need and develop an effective program to support an attractive offer to the target market (Kanuk, 1990). Another area of knowledge that has been used to a better understanding of consumer behaviour is the physio-pyschological one. Physiological psychology is the study of the interaction of the body with the mind. It is the study of the extent to which behaviour is caused by physical and chemical phenomena in the body (Morris 1996). Kroeber-Riel (1980) pointed out that cognitive and psychological processes originate from physiological ones. This field holds many promises for explaining consumer behaviour. For instance, the hypothalamus is that center of the brain which mainly controls consumption (Zimbardo and Gerrig 1996). The chemical changes due to the use/eat of the first product results in a blood borne input to the brain to activate further consumption. Thus, the individual would order one more product to use/eat. Such a behaviour is explained based on the research findings on the functions of the hypothalamus and other related areas of the brain (Valenstein, et al., 1970; Zhang et al. 1994). Physio-psychology provides fascinating ways to help understand consumer behaviour without looking into the consumers black box for hypothetically based variable explanations. To explain consumer behaviour further, new frontiers in science were introduced such as genetics and anthropology (Demirdjian, and Senguder, 2004). According to genetics approach our genes direct our consumption behaviour. Perhaps humans are all programmed to act in certain ways in their consumptive and consumer-related behaviour. Is the presence of certain genes that compel us to consume certain kind of products. Genetic science may very well come up with definite findings to explain consumer behaviour and thus we may strike a vein of truth in finding explanations and laws of consumer behaviour (Feder, 1977). Business anthropology and its implementation in consumer behaviour studies have demonstrated to the business world that anthropological approach as new perspective will bring a new era for the consumer science. The applied anthropologists will become the hottest candidates for business related research jobs given the fact that anthropological methods are becoming more widely ac ceptable in the business world in general and in consumer studies particular (Demirdjian and Senguder, 2004). According to the literature and aimed at answering the According to Kotler (1994), the Consumers buying decision process is influenced by four steps those are as follows: Types of consumer buying decision behavior: Consumer buying behavior decision-making varies with the type buying decision. There are different types of buying behavior decisions. * Complex buying behavior: Consumers undertake complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in purchase and complex buying behavior and perceive significant difference among the brands. Consumers may be highly involved when the product are expensive, risky, purchased in frequently and are highly expensive (Kotler, 1994). * Dissonance Reducing buying behavior occurs when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent or risky purchase, but sees little difference among various brands (Kotler, 1994). * Variety Consumers undertake variety seeking buying behavior in situations characterized by low consumer involvement, but significant perceived brand difference. In such cases, consumers often do a lot brand scrutiny (Kotler, 1994). The buying Decision Process Introduction of buying decision process Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Mostly large companies do extensive research on consumer buying decision, to answer questions like what does consumer buy, where they buy, how they buy, how much they buy, when they buy and why do they buy a product, for this question to reorganize the decision different stages needed they are, information search, and evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post purchase decision etc., The consumer passes through all five stages with every purchase, but in more routine purchases, consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The buying decision process: The buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyers decision is depending on his/her internal external stimuli of consumer behavior. The internal and external stimuli of consumer behavior means that the consumer, which product should purchase, how much wants to purchase and externally which products are more reliable and usable. According to this internal and external stimulis the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The consumers are searching the information from the various sources those are information search, personal source, commercial sources, public sources and experimental sources; this is also process of the buying decision process before purchase of the product (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). The decision process model in the consumer market contains five stages since consumer decision was suggested as a response to a problem (Solomon, 1991), and in most cases consumers facing more than two o r more alternatives in the market place which requires evaluations (Schiffman and Kanuk, 1978). During the evaluation process, information will be collected to assist consumers to make the purchase decision. Finally, consumer will take further action according to the level of satisfaction of the purchase decision as post-purchase evaluation. Moreover, Sproles and Kendall (1986) identified characteristics of eight decisionmaking styles as follow: Characteristics of eight decision-making styles 1. Price/value consciousness: decision style that is concerned with getting lower prices. The presence of this trait means that the consumer is conscious of sale prices and aims to get the best value for their money 2. Perfectionism: decision style that is concerned with quality. Consumers with this decision-making style will not compromise with products classified as good enough 3. Brand consciousness: decision style that is concerned with getting expensive, well-known brands. Consumers with this style believe that the higher the price of a product, the better the quality. These consumers also prefer best selling advertised brands 4. Novelty/fashion consciousness: decision style for seeking out new things. This trait reflects a liking of innovative products and a motivation to keep up to date with new styles and fashion trends 5. Habitual/brand-loyal : decision style for shopping at the same stores and tendency to buy the same brands each time 6. Recreational shopping consciousness: decision style that views shopping as being enjoyable per se. Shoppers with this trait enjoy the stimulation of looking for and choosing products 7. Impulsive/careless: decision style that describes a shopper who does not plan their shopping and appears unconcerned with how much he or she spends. Consumers with this style can regret their decisions later 8. Confused by over choice: decision style that reflects a lack of confidence and an inability to manage the number of choices available. Consumers with this trait experience information overload. However, it is worthwhile to point out that consumer decision process can take many stages, however, in low involvement purchase, consumer may skip or reserve stages (Kotler, 1994). For example, in low involvement conditions, consumer decision making can be a learned response to environmental cues such as in store promotion or extrinsic cue such as packaging. It means that the main decision process occur at the point-of-purchase, where consumer recognise needs, evaluate products and then make purchase decisions. In many cases, the purchase of bottled water fits into such description. Information search: The consumer can obtain information from any of several sources, which includes: Personal source: family, friends, neighbors, acquaintance etc. Commercial sources: advertising, sales people, dealers, packaging, displays. Public sources: mass media, consumer-rating organizations etc. Experimental sources: handling, examining, using of the product. Consumers receive most of the information about a product from commercial sources, which are controlled by the marketer. The most effective source however tend to be personal. Personal sources appear to be even more important in influencing the purchase. Evaluation of Alternatives: The consumer evaluates all the alternatives available to him/her to arrive at a brand choice. The consumer will see the product as a bundle of attributes with varying capacities, which satisfies his or her needs. The consumer will pay more attention to those attributes connected with their needs. The consumer is likely to develop a set of brand beliefs about, where each brand stands on each attribute. These of beliefs held about the particular brand is known as brand image, according to the beliefs and preferences of the consumer, evaluates the alternative products instead of using existing products (Kotler, 2004). Purchase decision: In the evaluation stage, the consumer ranks all the brands and makes a purchase intention. Generally the consumer purchase decision is to buy the most preferred brand, when purchasing a products, consumer will think about two things, which can be, purchase decision and purchase intention. The attitude of others and unexpected situation factors both directly or indirectly effects the consumers final decision to buy a particular brand. (Kotler, 2004). Post purchase behavior: The buyers job does not end when the product is brought. After purchasing the product, the consumer will be satisfied or dissatisfied and will be engaged in post purchase behavior. The satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the purchase of a particular product depends on the relationship between the consumer expectation and the consumer disappointment, if it meets the consumer expectations, the consumer can get satisfied. And if it exceeds he/she is delighted (Gilly and Gelb, 1986). Chapter 4. Theoretical Framework Consumer Involvement Theory The consumer involvement theory means that, how the consumer involving the purchase of various products in the market, after purchasing the product, how the consumer responding towards the products called consumer involvement theory. The consumers get the information through advertising, for that they purchase, use, and react that they see and hear about the products that they buy (Barry, 1987). Level of involvement an individuals intensity of interest in a product and the importance of the product for that person, those are enduring involvement and situational involvement (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). Routinized response behavior is that the process used when buying frequently purchased low-cost items that requires little search-and decision-effort (Homewood IL Irwin, 1987). The consumer involved in purchasing of products and usage and, also, various aspects like high involvement and low involvement in process of purchasing of products. The consumer some times involves high and low in purchasing products, so, theory of involvement is explaining that the consumer recognizes the importance of the purchase and it considers that the degree of perceived risk, moreover, it reflects on self image perhaps information processing may be different from one another (Ray, 1973). The low involvement theory is explaining that the consumer would accept wide range of products with positive attitude with do-feel-learn strategy, firstly the consumer select any kind of product, use the product, if they are not sure about how to use the product, and they learn how to use the product. To purchase a new computer in market and using of the computer, if they are not satisfied then they go for learning of how to use the computer. The low involvement of consumer will be in manner that do-feel-learn strategy (Ray, 1973). In one of the consumer article author explained about the consumers, are influenced by television commercials and their relationship effectiveness of advertisements (Krugman 1987). High involvement theory is rational and emotional, and it is explaining about the consumers participations in the context very actively without any hesitation, moreover, they look after extensive problem solving. In this theory of involvement the consumers learn about the product, use the product, if they are feeling that the product is comfortable to use it, and then they go for buying the product, so this is called high involvement because after usage, they definitely buy the products. The high involvement theory is reversible order to low involvement theory like learn-feel-do strategy (Debruicker, 1979). How the involvement theory is useful, the emotions, specific feelings, learning of every product and involves when they want to use it and when they want to purchase it. So, this theory helps when the consumer purchasing any kind of product or after using the product. Consumer behaviour models i. Introduction Intergradations of three models There are three types of models, which will explain about consumers process of basic needs to selecting one particular product, In order to process consumer behavior the following three models are important, the first and foremost model is that the Hierarchy model of consumer behavior, in this model the author said that, without any basic needs the consumer can not survive, so, the consumer should have some basic needs, which have been explained below, secondly the consumer behavior model. In this model author mentioned about research and planning, in this process, the researchers are taking samples from consumer before manufacturing the new products in the market. Finally, lens model has been explained that in order to choice/select a product by the consumer. Most early psychologists studied people who had psychological problems, but Maslow Hierarchy needs tells us about the needs of consumer behavior. ii. Hierarchy needs of consumer behavior model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslow believes that people seek to fulfill five categories of needs. Maslows hierarchy of needs The five levels of needs that humans are motivated to seek and satisfy (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs for ex: food, water, sex, clothing, shelter Safety needs for ex: security, freedom Social needs for ex: love, affection, belongingness. Esteem needs for ex: respect, recognition, and self-worth. Self-actualization needs for ex: personal growth. Maslow hierarchy needs model (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) Maslows given the hierarchy needs for consumer behavior, before starting about the consumer behavior, the consumer needs are important; usually every consumer have some hierarchy needs, they are; self actualization needs, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety and security needs and psychological needs (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The self actualization needs: The term actualization means that the intrinsic growth of what is already in the organism, or more accurately, of what the organism is called self actualization needs. For example: one can play the music, he is called musician or artist, and one can paint the art is called painter, one can write the poems, is called poet. For surviving in competitive world one profession is important, this profession is not only for surviving, but also one kind of need for human being. In small words to understand simply one individual potentiality develop him by doing something; it is called the self actualization (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author suggests that the self actualization need is important when the consumer wants to survive, consumer came with new professions, and it is one kind of need, it will help the consumer to survive in this competitive world (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Esteem needs: The term esteem means that need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment, for example one can travel in the bus, motor bike, and car respectively, depends on his/her financial position they can travel. In this case travel is a need, so, in smaller words, if one can economically sound, then he/she arranges the esteemed need according to their financial possession (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). The author said that, if she/he needs the esteem needs, then they should have good economic possession, if not no necessary to maintain the car or motor bike, it is very easy to use the public bus or walk (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Social needs: The social needs includes love of family or friends, for example, the boy loves his girl friend, the relationship between husband and wife, one child belongs to one family This is called belongingness or love (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). This is one kind of need for every consumer, because every consumer has their personal belongingness and love. Safety needs: The safety might includeliving in an area away from threats. This level is more likely to be found in children as they have a greater need to feel safe. For example one wants to live safe and secure life in the society. Finally, always consumer wants to live a life, which is safe and secured (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987). Physiological needs: It includes the very basic need air, warmth, food, sleep, stimulation and activity. People can die due to lack of biological needsand equilibrium common needs like food, water, oxygen and other common minimum needs are wanted for every one to survive in the world. This is also a basic need of consumer (Simons, Irwin and Drinnien, 1987) iii. Consumer behavior model The concept of consumer behavior model is that, all the consumer minds are not the same, because every consumer thinks in different manner and purchasing of products also different. The below is saying about the research and planning, now a days the products are many, the consumer is attracting towards new products and its features. The manufacturing companies are designing the products, before manufacturing of new products the researchers are taking the samples for research from the consumers, after taking the samples from the consumers, researchers are doing the research about the products, it encourages companies to constantly innovate better ways to serve the consumer needs (Yeowzah, 2003). The research planning depending on product design, insights and action. As author saying about the design, if products designs are good then every consumer attracted towards purchasing of new products, the product design is possible only by doing research. The insights is nothing but the product features, the product features are depend upon good research and planning, without any research and planning there is no product as such. In between these two aspects the action takes place to do good research and to get good results in the market (Yeowzah, 2003). Consumer behavior model (Yeowzah, 2003) https://www.yeowzah.com/consumer_behavior_model.htm The significance of consumer behavior decision theory in some cases consumer has clear and strong choice or preference for particular product to purchase. According to the customer preference, companies can increase their sales to develop the 4 Ps marketing to affect the customer preference and test. Company can design the product to attract the customer to make the better sales. To analyze the competitor activity and make the most battle plan to fight in to the market (Hauser, 1993). Lens Model Lens model (Hauser, 1993) Description: The above lens model says that, the product features and perceptions are inter dependent, because the consumer see the product features before purchasing any product in the market, the product features arrow showing towards perception, the perception is nothing but understanding of the product, in this process consumer will understand about the product, after understanding the product, the perceptions is going to be preference of various products (Hauser, 1993). In this process of preference product, the consumer prefers the products, after preferring the product, consumer select the particular product that is called choice. The final arrow showing towards choice, but this whole process depends on consumer psycho-social cues and availability price of the products in the market (Hauser, 1993). The second way is that the psycho-social cues and perceptions are also inter dependent with the help of these two terms the consumer prefers the product and finally choose/select the product (Hauser, 1993). The third way is that the consumer chooses the product with the help of psycho-social cues, which means psychological influences, understanding of the product and availability price of the products (Hauser, 1993). Chapter 5. Analysis of the study Introduction: In the analysis part, first the cross-Tabular representation of different questionnaires and description after that presenting the empirical analysis of the study, the questionnaires the way is used more scientifically and very straight and deep questions, which are very easy to get the answers from the students, which are very positive and appropriate answers from the respondents. Data analysis and discussion: Following is the summarized result from analysis of data. Cross Tabular Analysis Sample Characteristics: Variables Characteristics Respondents IM|Sciences Qurtaba Cecos Total No. % No. % No. % No. % Age: 1. 18 to 25 Years 2. 26 to 32 Years 3. Over 32 Years 76 03 05 90.4% 3.5% 5.9% 79 02 02 95.2% 2.4% 2.4% 73 07 03 87.9% 8.4% 3.6% 228 012 010 91.2% 4.8% 4% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Gender: 1. Male 2. Female 38 46 45.2% 54.3% 57 26 68.6% 31.4% 30 53 36.5% 63.5% 125 125 50% 50% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Educational Qualification: 1. Under Graduate 2. Graduate 3. Post Graduate 4. Other 59 13 11 01 70.2% 15.4% 13.0% 1.19% 54 18 08 03 65% 21.6% 9.63% 3.61% 65 14 03 01 78.3% 16.8% 3.6% 1.2% 178 45 22 05 71.2% 18% 8.8% 2% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Family Income: (Per Month) 1. Up to Rs. 5,000 2. Rs. 5,000 to Rs. 10,000 3. Rs. 10,000 and above 03 12 69 3.5% 14.3% 82.2% 02 18 63 2.4% 21.6% 75.9% 06 19 58 7.2% 22.9% 69.9% 11 49 190 4.4% 19.6% 76% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Term residence 1. University Hostel 2. Tenant 3. Sharing house/flat 4. Home stay 5. Live at home 12 03 07 16 05 05 04 10 06 04 06 06 22 12 17 32 167 8.9% 6.9% 4.9% 13.% 66% 84 100% 83 100% 83 100% 250 100% Description Demographic Profile: * The demographic data (Table I) indicates that most of the university students fall in the age category of 18-25 (91.2%). * The cumulative sample of male student=125 female students=125 * Educational profile indicates that around 71% of the respondents were from Under-graduate level * 18% are graduate students and about 8.8% of the students are postgraduate * Income profile says that mostly the university students has Family income more then 76% * Mostly students reside at home (66%) Respondent selection male=N1, Female=N2: Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Female 125 50.0 50.0 50.0 Male 125 50.0 50.0 100.0 Total 250 100.0 100.0 Interpretation From Table-2 , According to random sample survey, I sampled two groups (male=125 and Female=125) a total of 250 students at three different universities 1) Institute of Management Sciences 2) Qurtaba University 3) Cecos Univerty of Science and Technology, clustered around Hayatabad Peshawar.. all students were randomly picked. Use of casual shoes Respondents Female Male Total Use of Casual Shoes No 11 10 21 Yes 113 115 228 Total 124 125 249 Description A Total of 228 respondents out of which 133 are Female and 115 male students use casual shoes. The proportion of male usage is slightly higher then female students by 2 counts. Total of 21 students opted for other categories of shoes. Sources of information Sources of information * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Sources of information News Paper 11 9 20 TV 8 28 36 Internet 4 6 10 Mobile 0 1 1 Shoe Retailer 24 14 38 Magazine 35 5 40 Friends 39 54 93 Other 4 8 12 Total 125 125 250 Description The received information pertaining to Sources of information (table-4) indicates that most of the respondents both male and female use friends opinion regarding purchase of a shoe pair. It is interesting to know that female respondents mostly use Fashion Magazines male respondents watch TV, More then females. Also female hear from shoe retailers more then males. The results indicate that about 2 times male goes for other sources of information. Mobile Promotions are very rare as is only one male respondent opted for this option as source of information to purchase casual shoes. Brand selection from stores The purchase decision was limited from three stores (I-Shoes, Bata, Service, Selected through Pilot testing as discussed) to measure the study variables more precisely the respondents were asked if you would given the option to buy from these stores what attributes will affect on their purchase decision. Also they were asked to rank the brand they like the most and grade the store also. I-Shoes Brand likeness I-Shoes * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total I-Shoes Hushpuppies 61 41 102 Female-sole 8 11 19 Woodstock 2 2 4 Epcot 3 3 6 Impact 11 10 21 Clarks 13 15 28 Other 1 3 4 Other then I-shoes or Multi-brands 26 40 66 Total 125 125 250 Description Majority of the respondents like hushpuppies it is interesting to see the Females inclination towards hushpuppies is slightly more as compared to males. The 2nd higher category of shoe likeness is Clarks mostly appreciated by male respondents. Mostly male=40 go for Multi-brands or other then I-Shoes then females=26 The tendency for buying Multi-brands is about 26.4 % of the Total respondents. Bata Bata * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Bata Weigbrenner 11 13 24 Hushpuppies 40 26 66 Perecardian 0 1 1 Marie Claire 0 2 2 Bata 45 44 89 Other then Bata or Multi-brands 29 39 68 Total 125 125 250 Description 27.2 % of the total respondents opted for bands other then Bata or Multi Brands. 35% responded to purchase Bata brands. It is evident from the above table that most of the Female respondents prefer hushpuppies Over Bata. Service Service * Respondents Crosstabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Service Doncorlos 0 35 35 Service 10 20 30 N-Dure 3 0 3 Caterpillar 0 9 9 Liza 48 2 50 Export 0 8 8 Other then Service or Multibrands 64 51 115 Total 125 125 250 Description Majority of the female=48/125 respondents Liked and opted for Liza as its a female branding from Service turnover from this Store in females is maximum =64/125 35 out of 125 male respondents prefer Doncorlos Casual Shoes.12% of the Total respondents including 10 Female and 20 male students prefer to buy Service casual Shoes from Service. Preference for multi-brands is 46% of the total of which Female frequency is more then male. Only a total of 9 respondents (male) would buy Caterpillar Brand rating Brand grading * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Response Female Male Total Brand grading Strongly unfavorable 4 10 14 Somewhat unfavorable 10 5 15 Undecided 27 29 56 Somewhat favorable 48 50 98 Strongly favorable 36 31 67 Total 125 125 250 Description The respondents both male and female where asked to grade the brand they liked most 40% of the total respondents gave a highest Somewhat favorable response. 30% of total were highly in favor of their brand choice females are high in number then males they have a higher count over rating=5. Most of the male respondents has a slightly higher tendency over female in grading their brand of choice in a rating=4. Branding Does a shoe co brand name reflect its product quality * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Response Female Male Total No 11 18 29 Yes 114 107 221 Total 125 125 250 Description About 90% of the respondents believes and link the Products brand name with its Quality. The brand image has to be strictly positive and the brand should be popular. Mostly consumers go for popular brands many of them often link it with status symbol. Aspects lack in shoes Aspects lacking in shoe * Respondents Crosstabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Aspects lacking in shoe Style 85 35 120 Durability 22 55 77 Finishing 10 19 29 Other 8 16 24 Total 125 125 250 Description Female Respondents are more style conscious then male there is about 37% difference over male respondents. Female respondents want more and more styles and varieties in the product. Male respondents are more conscious about durability in there shoe pair. Store selection Store bought from * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Store bought from I-Shoes 26 17 43 Bata 24 22 46 Service 4 22 26 Mix of all Three 60 53 113 Others 11 11 22 Total 125 125 250 Description From the above table it is noticed that about 45% of the total respondents not strictly buy from one particular store females mostly shop from I-Shoes and Bata Aspects that the consumer appreciates when he goes to a store Store Characteristics * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Store Characteristics Price 17 24 41 Product Quality 57 55 112 Product Variety 13 22 35 Store Atmosphere 11 5 16 Shop Window 2 3 5 Brand Pictures seen on Stores website 3 3 6 Shoe exposed on the stores manikin 9 4 13 Stores Decoration 13 5 18 Catalogue Products 0 2 2 Total 125 123 248 Description From the above reading its mostly the Quality of a Stores Products which put influence on consumers for buying Shoes Products. About 45% of the respondents looks for Quality (Somewhat in Equal proportion male~55, Female~57) when they go shopping. Another very common aspect in confederation while shopping is Price=16% where male respondents are more conscious about Pricing than female. Product variety is also an important factor both for male and female in a store behind shopping of causal Shoes. Lastly female are affected Store Atmosphere and decoration on a quite large proportion Purchase Decision Purchase decision * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Purchase decision Self-Decision only 53 68 121 Friends 28 43 71 Family 28 9 37 Shoe Brand Retailer 8 3 11 Other 7 2 9 Total 124 125 249 Description Mostly the decision is self based 50% almost. Many of the male respondents 35% base their purchase decision either by a friends recommendations/ advice or through impression. 25% of the female respondents base their decision from Family male respondents has a 7% family recommended decision. Purchase Decision regarding whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name Purchase Decision whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Purchase Decision whether shoe attractiveness itself or Store/Brand name True 72 86 158 Not Exactly 53 39 92 Total 125 125 250 Description 63% of the respondents are in favor but branding and brand image could not be neglected. as it is evident from previous Question analysis the style and variety are extremely crucial that may compel consumers to ignore brand name but not Quality. The attractiveness maybe because of Price, style, comfort, cut, composition, of Shoes Etc Consumer satisfaction: Customer satisfaction * Respondents Cross tabulation Count Respondents Female Male Total Customer satisfaction No 12 15 27 Yes 113 110 223 Total 125 125 250 Description Respondents are asked whether they recommend their shoe brand to a friend it is assumed that positive answer (yes) will indicate satisfaction (it is to note there are many other factors causing satisfaction and dissatisfaction). Most the respondents are satisfied (Male-88%, Female-90%) Yet a few are dissatisfied though the reasons are not known. Factors that Exert influence on the Purchase Decision Price of Shoes Price of Shoes * Respondents Cross tabulation Respondents Female Male Total Price of Shoes Unimportant 7 4 11 Some-what Unimportant 17 5 22 Neither-important nor Unimportant 19 32 51 Some-what important 45 48 93 Extremely Important 37 36 73 Total 125 125 250 Quality of Shoes Quality of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Quality of Shoes Neither-important nor Unimportant 9 12 21 Some-what important 37 31 68 Extremely Important 79 82 161 Total 125 125 250 Style of Shoes Style of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Style of Shoes Some-what Unimportant 2 3 5 Neither-important nor Unimportant 9 4 13 Some-what important 25 35 60 Extremely Important 89 83 172 Total 125 125 250 Comfort of Shoes Comfort of Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Comfort of Shoes Some-what Unimportant 2 3 5 Neither-important nor Unimportant 16 25 41 Some-what important 31 25 56 Extremely Important 76 72 148 Total 125 125 250 Trend for Shoes Trend for Shoes * Respodents Crosstabulation Count Respodents Female Male Total Trend for Shoes Unimportant 0 2 2 Some-what Unimportant 8 18 26 Neither-important nor Unimportant 31 23 54 Some-what important 26 48 74 Extremely Important 60 34 94 Total 125 125 250 Individual Means By Gender and variables Price of Shoes Quality of Shoes Style of Shoes Respondents Respondents Respondents Male Female Male Female Male N 125 125 125 125 125 Mean 3.86 3.70 4.56 4.56 4.58 Std. Deviation .989 1.192 .665 .627 .674 Std. Error Mean .089 .107 .059 .056 .060 Individual Frequencies By Gender and variables (continued) Group Statistics Style of Shoes Comfort of Shoes Trend for Shoes Respondents Respondents Respondents Female Male Female Male Female N 125 125 125 125 125 Mean 4.61 4.33 4.45 3.75 4.10 Std. Deviation .694 .878 .777 1.060 .990 Std. Error Mean .062 .079 .070 .095 .089 Characteristics/Attributes of shoes appreciated by consumers Respondents Female Male Total Motivational Factors Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Price of Shoes 3.70 1.192 3.86 .989 3.78 1.096 Quality of Shoes 4.56 .627 4.56 .665 4.56 .645 Style of Shoes 4.61 .694 4.58 .674 4.60 .683 Comfort of Shoes 4.45 .777 4.33 .878 4.39 .830 Trend for Shoes 4.10 .990 3.75 1.060 3.93 1.039 Calculated t values Independent Samples Test Levenes Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Price of Shoes **EVA 6.669 .010 1.097 248 .274 .152 .139 ***EVNA 1.097 239.905 .274 .152 .139 Quality of Shoes **EVA .297 .586 .000 248 1.000 .000 .082 ***EVNA .000 247.171 1.000 .000 .082 Style of Shoes **EVA .013 .909 -.277 248 .782 -.024 .087 ***EVNA -.277 247.785 .782 -.024 .087 Comfort of Shoes **EVA 4.184 .042 -1.144 248 .254 -.120 .105 ***EVNA -1.144 244.417 .254 -.120 .105 Trend for Shoes **EVA .018 .894 -2.713 248 .007* -.352 .130 ***EVNA -2.713 246.869 .007 -.352 .130 *Significant according to Level of Significance at 5 % **Equal Variance Assumed ***Equal Variance not Assumed Description Motivational Factors: The calculated value of t Test statistics at 5% level of significance indicates the following findings: * The difference between Price consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Quality consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Style consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Comfort consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is not significant. * The difference between Trend consciousness of male and female sample for purchase of Casual shoes in Peshawar is significant. The present study indicates that there is no significant difference of price, style, Quality and comfort consciousness for purchase of Casual shoes between male and female consumers but there is significant difference of Trend consciousness for purchase of Casual shoes between male and female consumers. Over all analysis of the study In literature review author said that the consumer having two types of buying decision processes one is complex, it is nothing but highly involved (Kotler, 1994). When the consumer is highly involving then it will be very risky so, this point has matched with the literature review and empirical implication. Even in high price and highly involved in particular product. In literature review author said that the buying process starts with need recognition, where as buyer recognize the need. The buyer will take decision is depends on his or her internal stimuli, according to the internal and external stimuli the buyer will take the decision (Hawkins, Coney, 1998). At the same time in the empirical findings they will purchase for their own personal use and also it is depends on his/her internal and external stimuli to buy the products. More over the literature is saying about the consumer are different type demographically, gender wise, tastes and preference wise, buyers having different opinion when they will purchase any kind of product in the market. Some times they will go for family decision and sometimes they will take the decision individually. Depends on the buyers behavior product will be chosen. (Dash, 2005) In empirical findings the students are satisfying at the same time they are using the branded shoes, but not always, some times they are going for others shoes also family decisions. Ultimately the student or consumer is giving preference to brand. This point is matched with literature review. Finally, the brand makes the real difference. In empirical findings the buyer will take the decision, when he/she need, so in one point of view the consumers are using Nike product often, so what ever reasons are, so it depends on internal and external stimuli. The Consumers are different types so in literature review when categorized the Complex buying behavior of consumers will react about the products like the consumer feels expensive, risky to purchase frequently and are highly expensive. The dissonance consumers always think that reduces the risk of buying. The variety seeking consumers will behave differently and their involvements reference to context (Kotler, 1994) in empirical findings students are thinking in different way that they responded the price of Nike shoe are high, so, they are purchasing infrequently, finally they are saying to decrease the cost. The Consumers take the decision while they purchase the product, this decision process differs from consumer to consumer, first they recognize the need or want then they search for information in the existing market to purchase more effective product, While purchasing the product they use the personal and public sources to purchase the product, finally evaluate the alternative product to purchase. The consumers behavior will be different when they purchase the product and after purchasing the product (Gily and Gelb, 1986) in empirical analysis the students are saying that before purchasing the shoe they are looking for the personal (friends family) and public (media) sources, if it is not available in the market they go for alternative shoe products. Conclusion Concerning the investigation question arisen in the research: What are the main differences on casual shoes consumer buying behaviour according to gender? and, since it was rejected for Style Quality pricing and Comfort the hypothesis of investigation that did not defended the existence of differences on the consumer buying behaviour according to gender, it is noticed, in what concerns what one buys, that both men and women mostly prefer shoes that may highlight their physical attributes. Women and men appreciate first of all style and Quality, followed by comfort, As for how one buys, women go shopping mostly by impulse and bring someone (Family), while men do it by necessity and almost always alone. Respecting the question where one buys, he prefers to buy his Shoes in stores that display an appealing and pleasant atmosphere, where low prices, quality and variety are highlighted both by women and men, although in a different order. The conclusion is based on empirical data and whole research, over all there are no differences in attitudes among the respondents on buying behavior towards casual shoes. There is similar type of answers given by male and female students, after performing the study the result shows that the opinion only differs in Trend between male and female students. Majority of the female students are strongly in favor for trendy shoes. In order to achieve profitability both for stores and firms, the quality of the service have to outperform that of the regular shopping experience. Since university students want Quality and Style more as compared to prices there is a need to provide and communicate the optimum level of satisfaction. The store ranking is because the variety, quality and atmosphere of Store.

The Supply Chain Management ( Scm ) - 1080 Words

Introduction When thinking about the idea of Supply Chain Management (SCM) there are two core ideas that can be taken into account. Nearly every product that is obtained by a consumer is done so through the efforts of multiple companies working collaboratively. Secondly, many companies within these systems have historically been focused only on what role they play individually. SCM strives to bridge the gap between companies and organizations by providing effective management of supply chain activities in a way that maximizes profitability and consumer satisfaction. When attempting to describe an effective SCM system many aspects of the supply chain have to be addressed. The Supply Chain Management Review presents seven principles of effective SCM. But implementing these practices is not enough. It is also necessary to evaluate these practices to ensure that they are benefiting the companies involved and make vital business decisions. Seven Principles Principle One. Most businesses train their employees to focus on the need of the customers. This should be directly reflected in the supply chain as well. The first principle states that customers should be segmented by their service needs and the supply chain should be adapted to accommodate these needs. Doing this allows companies to offer tailored services to customers which in turn has a greater potential to ensure profitability (Anderson, Britt Favre, 1993). Principle Two. In some companies the logistics networks isShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management ( Scm )1992 Words   |  8 Pages1. Introduction Supply chain management (SCM) is a massive topic of interest and has been trending ever since the advent of globalisation. The global economy scenario generates a data which could be capitalised by analysing the data to increase supply chain presence, integration, track organisational performance and increase competitive advantage (Chae Olson, 2013). Furthermore, There are several systems that are developed to analyse the statically and qualitative to optimise the plan, acquisitionRead MoreSupply Chain Management ( Scm ) Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesTHE CORE ISSUES RELATED TO SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTIONS, TO REDUCE THE EXTRA COSTS OF COMPANIES Introduction The topic of the research has been discussed that what actually supply chain management (SCM) is, where it is utilized and what its importance in a business are, and why it is necessary to go for a research in this field. Additionally, opinions of different authors has been given that how an organisation could reduce their costs on the basis of supply chain management and why should the managersRead MoreThe Supply Chain Management ( Scm )2108 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the most important business components to help customers of Marks and Spencer fulfills their satisfaction. Fundamentally, supply chain components are consists of four main components, which are suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, and customers. â€Å" Such developments clearly require supply chain cooperation and coordination â€Å" (Gustafsson et al, 2006) between each components of supply chain. Stock checking by human in the past is ineffective whenRead MoreSupply Chain Management ( Scm )1151 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction 1.1 What is Supply Chain Management (SCM) When we look around in a study room, we know everything is produced by different manufactories, but we do not know how the table or chair is produced from the row materials, and what the most efficient way through the manufacture process is. All these activities involved a term Supply Chain Management (SCM). 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An organizationRead MoreImportance Of Supply Chain Management ( Scm )3206 Words   |  13 Pages The Importance of Supply Chain Management Term Research Paper Ryan Hibbs Dr. Stanton BUS 311 B 8 December 2014 Importance of Supply Chain Management The leading companies around the world utilize a new method of business coordination that gives them a competitive edge in the market. Supply chain management gives companies the power of that competitive edge. Supply chain management (SCM) is defined as including all the activities that must take place to the right product intoRead MoreSupply Chain Management Systems ( Scm ) Systems1776 Words   |  8 PagesSupply Chain Management Systems Supply chain management (SCM) systems have been a new and steady buzz word from late last century up to today. Large companies depend on SCM systems to reduce cost and increase revenue. This article explores the relevant use of SCM systems in today’s business world through different means of analysis, such as SCM performance, variables associated with cost and revenues, and business, supplier and customer relationships. It advocates for their use and provide quantitativeRead MoreEnterprise Resource Planning (Erp) and Supply Chain Management (Scm) -Application in Retail Industry Supply Chain (Marks and Spencer)2349 Words   |  10 PagesAND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT (SCM) -APPLICATION IN RETAIL INDUSTRY SUPPLY CHAIN (MARKS AND SPENCER) ABSTRACT: This report examines Supply Chain Management (SCM) and how it enhances the supply chains in the Retail Industry. Also the report examines how the supply chain is a link of suppliers and buyers and customers in turn becoming supplier. The report examines the problems associated with the supply chain a major one which is bullwhip effect. This study focuses on how ERP and SCM workRead MoreWal Mart s Supply Chain Management Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pages WAL-MART’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Praseeda Sasanka Pisipati NUID :94862513 Table of Contents: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A Brief History of Supply Chain Management (SCM)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 How Supply chain management influenced the retail business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Gartner hype cycle and scope of SCM trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Supply Chain Management in the Gartner hype cycle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreSuppliers And Supply Chain Management1580 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT #1:Suppliers and Supply chain management Submitted by Vishnu Gandhamaneni Student Id: 30129773 LECTURER TUTOR: Mr. Gopi Krishna Akella â€Æ' Table of content 1.Abstract 3 2.Introduction 3 3.Basic principles of SCM 4 4.Advantages of SCM 4 5.Problems on SCM 5 6.Solutions of SCM 5 7.Case study description 6 8.Conclusion 8 9.References 9â€Æ' A Complete Study of Suppliers and Supply Chain Management in E-Commerce Vishnu Gandhamaneni

International Relation of South East Asia

Question: Write an essay on "International Relation of South East Asia". Answer: Learning from Mie Oba paper The ASEAN Countries are eager to create a regional community of their own, since the First ASEAN Summit, held in 1976 (Oba 2014). The Declaration of the ASEAN Concord stated that the member states should strive to develop a regional identity of their own and contribute fully towards creating a strong foundation of the ASEAN community (Oba 2014). After a series of Concords and Summits, it was decided that the creation of an independent ASEAN community should be made, to maintain prosperity and stability in the South East Asian region (Oba 2014). The ASEAN countries are aiming to create a true community with universal values (like democracy, protection of human rights, establishing a set of rules and others) (Oba 2014). The creation of a separate region for South East Asia is in the top priority lists of ASEAN and consists of three pillars, namely Economic, Political and Security and Socio-Cultural. (Oba 2014) Learning from Zakaria Bin Ahmed Paper The Association of South East Nations (ASEAN) celebrated its 40th year anniversary with demonstrated magnitude of peace and least possibilities of a war like situation (Ahmad 2012). The ASEAN Charter has made propositions for unique ideas for the community building purpose, keeping in mind the mid-life crisis of the association (Ahmad 2012). The dilemma deals with the idea of expanding the ASEAN beyond the boundaries of South East Asia to engage with China's exponential growth and the steady development of the Indian Subcontinent (Ahmad 2012). There should be an understanding of the driving force of ASEAN, particularly for the founder countries of Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore (Ahmad 2012). These nations represent the continental and maritime activities of the region and are the key drivers of ASEAN. The ASEAN is considered as significantly larger than the parts of its individual components (Ahmad 2012). There is more emphasis on ASEAN regionalism, on the completion of 40 years. There are sense and initiative for the achievement of "One Southeast Asia" (Ahmad 2012). Learning from Donald Weatherbee paper There is a significant level of cooperation between the South East Asia nations and the ASEAN. Indonesia undertook the chairmanship of ASEAN during the period 2009-2011 and the stewardship of the country was praised for meeting the challenges of community building (Weatherbee 2012). The activist agenda of Jakarta helped ASEAN to achieve peaceful, prosperous and democratic community by the year 2015 (Weatherbee 2012). The Bali Concord III, initiated by Indonesia, attempted to lead the decision making activities of ASEAN on international matters. There was a tendency of South East Asia to include the United States and China for playing specialised roles (Weatherbee 2012). China could act as the economic partner and America could act as the security provider, safeguarding the peace of the region. There was a level of tension in the quality of government in Myanmar (Weatherbee 2012). In 2014, Myanmar was rewarded the chairmanship of the group by ASEAN. There was a rising dilemma with the South China Sea and the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) (Weatherbee 2012). The region about the South East Asia is unique and different from other Asian regions in several ways (Acharya 2014). The region is heterogeneous in nature with different religions and different forms of government. The region has huge wealth disparities and underlying social, economic and demographic characteristics of the South East regions economies (Acharya 2014). The economies of the region are at different levels of economic and industrial development with different GDP per capita (Acharya 2014). The two powers in the region namely China and Japan have a long-term political, economic and cultural influence on the South East Asia nations (Acharya 2014). The integration process of regional development and the industrialisation of the South East Asia are closely interconnected (Acharya 2014). There have been rapid changes in the trends of regionalism in South East Asia. The future would witness a lot of new initiatives applied to an increasing portion of this particular region (Ac harya 2014). The term regionalism deals with the preferential trade liberalisation or certain discriminatory trade liberalisation since the term discrimination is often synonymous with preference (Krishna 2013). There are certain obstacles concerning the regionalism of South East Asia (Krishna 2013). The agriculture is the central problem as it is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the developing countries included in the South East region (Krishna 2013). The South East region displays the highest rate of growth in the intra-regional trade. The region is transforming itself into an important source of imports and not only exports (Krishna 2013). The future of the regionalism of South East Asia believes that each country should cooperate with each other and imbibe values such as national sovereignty, peaceful resolution of conflicts and non-intervention in the domestic politics (Dent 2013). There are several roadways which have led to the formation of Roadmap for the ASEAN community (Oba 2014). The roadmaps consist of IAI Work Plan, ASCC Blueprint and APSC Blueprint. The creation of an ASEAN community was proposed by the 1976 Declaration of ASEAN Concord (Sukma 2014). There is an emerging proposition for creating a regional community, with a specific vision. The future of the regionalism of South East Asia looks promising if there is an adoption of the right approach (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The identity of the South East region should be developed. There is a greater need for appreciation of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and its success should be valued (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The countries should provide their full assistance to SAARC as this association has led to several gains. The regional objectives should be prioritised and streamlined with the national priorities (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). There is a need of sensitization of the Functional Ministries, for understanding the importance of the regional cooperation (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). The physical and the virtual connectivity of the South East Asian region need to be developed so that it addresses the needs of the less developed countries (Asfa and Ahmed 2015). References Acharya, A., 2014.Constructing a security community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order. Routledge. Ahmad, Zakaria Bin. (2012). ASEAN beyond 40. East Asia 29(2), 157-166. Asfa, R. and Ahmed, M., 2015. PROSPECTS OF REGIONALISM: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SAARC AND ASEAN.Asia Pacific-Annual Research Journal of Far East South East Asia,33. Dent, C.M., 2013. Paths ahead for East Asia and AsiaPacific regionalism.International Affairs,89(4), pp.963-985. Krishna, P., 2013. Preferential trade agreements and the world trade system: a multilateralist view. InGlobalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century(pp. 131-160). University of Chicago Press. Oba, Mie. (2014). ASEAN and the Creation of a Regional Community. Asia-Pacific Review 21(1),63-78. Sukma, R., 2014. ASEAN beyond 2015: The imperatives for further institutional changes.ERIA Discussion Paper. Jakarta: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia. Weatherbee, Donald. (2012). Southeast Asia and ASEAN: Running in Place. Southeast Asian Affairs, 3-22.

What Is A Nurse Washing And Caregivers Responsibilities In A Diagnosis Of Nephropathy Esophagitis?

What Is A Nurse Washing And Caregivers Responsibilities In A Diagnosis Of Nephropathy Esophagitis?A nurse is caring for a diabetic patient with a diagnosis of nephropathy esophagitis. A nephropathy refers to blockage or thickening of the esophagus, also known as diabetes. It is usually caused by a hormone or through infection. This disorder has caused more than 50% of all deaths in diabetics.These disorders are known as food poison, because they cause food poisoning, because they affect the intestines. The body cannot digest any of the food that is ingested. It ends up passing waste back into the stomach and intestines.A nurse may have to deal with this type of disorder when a patient has a diagnosis of nephropathy esophagitis. The symptoms of the disorder can include blood in the stool, stomach pain, a warm sensation at the site of the tumor and heartburn. There can be an increase in the level of potassium and sodium.The disorder can lead to life-threatening complications and even d eath if not treated immediately. Some of the treatment options include laser surgery and peritoneal dialysis. There is the possibility of endoscopy or a stent to open the narrowed esophagus.Another problem associated with these problems is hypertension. If hypertension and other problems are diagnosed in a patient, the doctor will likely suggest surgery. This procedure is usually recommended for patients with progressive hypertension.Diabetics who have a high-riskor high-risk for kidney disease need to be monitored by a team of specialists. These groups often include a kidney specialist, an endocrinologist, and a nephrologist.A nurse should be aware of how to care for patients who have this type of disease. In addition to learning about the condition, the nurse should learn about the symptoms, treatments to prevent recurrence. This kind of disorder is usually managed with medication and lifestyle changes. A nurse can help coordinate a plan for care in a diabetic patient with this ty pe of disorder.

Why This College Essay Samples Exposed

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